1. Nutten S. Atopic dermatitis: global epidemiology and risk factors. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66 Suppl 1:8–16. doi: 10.1159/000370220.
2. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(2):338–351. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.010.
3. Shaw TE, Currie GP, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL. Eczema prevalence in the United States: data from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(1):67–73. doi: 10.1038/jid.2010.251.
4. Asher MI, Weiland SK. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). ISAAC Steering Committee. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28 Suppl 5:52–66. doi: 10.1046/j.1365- 2222.1998.028s5052.x.
5. Lee JH, Son SW, Cho SH. A comprehensive review of the treatment of atopic eczema. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2016; 8(3):181–190. doi: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.3.181.
6. Bloomfield SF, Rook GA, Scott EA, et al. Time to abandon the hygiene hypothesis: new perspectives on allergic disease, the human microbiome, infectious disease prevention and the role of targeted hygiene. Perspect Public Health. 2016;136(4):213–224. doi: 10.1177/1757913916650225.
7. Rook GA, Martinelli R, Brunet LR. Innate immune responses to mycobacteria and the downregulation of atopic responses. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;3(5):337–342. doi: 10.1097/ 00130832-200310000-00003.
8. Avena-Woods C. Overview of atopic dermatitis. Am J Manag Care. 2017;23(8 Suppl):S115–S123.
9. Reda AM, Elgendi A, Ebraheem AI, et al. A practical algorithm for topical treatment of atopic dermatitis in the Middle East emphasizing the importance of sensitive skin areas. J Dermatolog Treat. 2019;30(4):366–373. doi:
10.1080/09546634.2018.1524823. 10. Elias PM, Schmuth M. Abnormal skin barrier in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;9(5):437–446. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832e7d36.
11. David Boothe W, Tarbox JA, Tarbox MB. Atopic Dermatitis: Pathophysiology. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1027:21–37. doi: 10.1007/ 978-3-319-64804-0_3. СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 293ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ПЕДИАТРИИ /2019/ ТОМ 18/ № 4
12. Perkin MR, Craven J, Logan K, et al. Association between domestic water hardness, chlorine, and atopic dermatitis risk in early life: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(2):509–516. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.031.
13. Kim J, Han Y, Ahn JH, et al. Airborne formaldehyde causes skin barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2016; 175(2):357–363. doi: 10.1111/bjd.14357.
14. Kim K. Influences of environmental chemicals on atopic dermatitis. Toxicol Res. 2015;31(2):89–96. doi: 10.5487/ TR.2015.31.2.089.
15. Montnemery P, Nihlen U, Goran Lofdahl C, et al. Prevalence of self-reported eczema in relation to living environment, socio-economic status and respiratory symptoms assessed in a questionnaire study. BMC Dermatol. 2003;3:4. doi: 10.1186/1471-5945-3-4.
16. Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Menne T, Johansen JD. The epidemiology of contact allergy in the general population — prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57(5):287–299. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01220.x.
17. Penard-Morand C, Raherison C, Charpin D, et al. Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(1):33–40. doi: 10.1183/ 09031936.00116109.
18. Yoshihisa Y, Shimizu T. Metal allergy and systemic contact dermatitis: an overview. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:749561. doi: 10.1155/2012/749561.
19. Al-Shobaili HA, Ahmed AA, Alnomair N, et al. Molecular genetic of atopic dermatitis: an update. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2016;10(1):96–120.
20. Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(14): 1483–1494. doi.org/10.1056/nejmra074081.
21. Carr WW. Topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: review and treatment recommendations. Paediatr Drugs. 2013; 15(4):303–310. doi: 10.1007/s40272-013-0013-9.
22. De Benedetto A, Agnihothri R, McGirt LY, et al. Atopic dermatitis: a disease caused by innate immune defects? J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(1):14–30. doi: 10.1038/jid.2008.259.
23. Breuer K, Wittmann M, Bosche B, et al. Severe atopic dermatitis is associated with sensitization to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Allergy. 2000;55(6):551–555. doi: 10.1034/j.1398- 9995.2000.00432.x.
24. Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Recent insights into atopic dermatitis and implications for management of infectious complications. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(1):4–13; quiz 14-5. doi: 10.1016/ j.jaci.2009.11.027.
25. Duarte I, Silveira JE, Hafner MF, et al. Sensitive skin: review of an ascending concept. An Bras Dermatol. 2017;92(4):521–525. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.201756111.
26. Misery L, Stander S, Szepietowski JC, et al. Definition of sensitive skin: an expert position paper from the special interest group on sensitive skin of the International Forum for the Study of Itch. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97(1):4–6. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2397.
27. Talagas M, Misery L. Role of keratinocytes in sensitive skin. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:108. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00108.
28. Ring J, Alomar A, Bieber T, et al. Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) part I. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(8):1045–1060. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083. 2012.04635.x.
29. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(1):116–132. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.023.
30. Kempers S, Boguniewicz M, Carter E, et al. A randomized investigator-blinded study comparing pimecrolimus cream 1% with tacrolimus ointment 0.03% in the treatment of pediatric patients with moderate atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51: 515–525. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.051.
31. Luger T, Boguniewicz M, Carr W, et al. Pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: сonsensus on safety and the need to allow use in infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015;26(4):306–315. doi: 10.1111/ pai.12331.
32. Luger T, De Raeve L, Gelmetti C, et al. Recommendations for pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis: from medical needs to a new treatment algorithm. Eur J Dermatol. 2013;23(6):758–766. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2013.2169.
33. Sigurgeirsson B, Boznanski A, Todd G, et al. Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: a 5-year randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):597–606. doi: 10.1542/ peds.2014-1990.
34. Wollenberg A, Barbarot S, Bieber T, et al. Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(6):850–878. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14888.
35. Fowler J, Johnson A, Chen M, Abrams K. Improvement in pruritus in children with atopic dermatitis using pimecrolimus cream 1%. Cutis. 2007;79(1):65–72.
36. Aschoff R, Schmitt J, Knuschke P, et al. Evaluation of the atrophogenic potential of hydrocortisone 1% cream and pimecrolimus 1% cream in uninvolved forehead skin of patients with atopic dermatitis using optical coherence tomography. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20(10):832–836. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01335.x.
37. Gschwind HP, Waldmeier F, Zollinger M, et al. Pimecrolimus: skin disposition after topical administration in minipigs in vivo and in human skin in vitro. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2008;33(1):9–19. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.09.004.
38. Billich A, Aschauer H, Aszodi A, Stuetz A. Percutaneous absorption of drugs used in atopic eczema: pimecrolimus permeates less through skin than corticosteroids and tacrolimus. Int J Pharm. 2004;269(1):29–35. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.07.013.
39. Luger TA, Lahfa M, Folster-Holst R, et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of pimecrolimus cream 1% and topical corticosteroids in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2004;15(3):169–178. doi: 10.1080/ 09546630410033781.
40. Lubbe J, Friedlander SF, Cribier B, et al. Safety, efficacy, and dosage of 1% pimecrolimus cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in daily practice. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7(2):121–131. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200607020-00005.
41. Wahn U, Bos JD, Goodfield M, et al. Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatrics. 2002;110(1 Pt 1):e2. doi: 10.1542/ peds.110.1.e2.
42. Valdman-Grinshpoun Y, Ben-Amitai D, Zvulunov A. Barrierrestoring therapies in atopic dermatitis: current approaches and future perspectives. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:923134. doi: 10.1155/2012/923134.
43. Gupta AK, Chow M. Pimecrolimus: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17(5):493–503. doi: 10.1046/j.1468- 3083.2003.00692.x.
44. Arellano FM, Wentworth CE, Arana A, et al. Risk of lymphoma following exposure to calcineurin inhibitors and topical steroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(4):808–816. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700622.